| Early development
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| | or goals could be studied scientifically.
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| The first use of the term "psychology" is
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| | In his paper "Psychology as the
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| often attributed to the German scholastic
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| | Behaviorist Views It" (1913), Watson
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| philosopher Rudolf Goeckel (Latinized
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| | argued that psychology "is a purely
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| Rudolph Goclenius), published in 1590.[1]
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| | objective [emphasis added] experimental
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| More than six decades earlier, however,
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| | branch of natural science," that
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| the Croatian humanist Marko Marulić
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| | "introspection forms no essential part of
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| used the term in the title of a work
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| | its methods", and that "the behaviorist
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| which was subsequently lost.[2] This, of
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| | recognizes no dividing line between man
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| course, may not have been the very first
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| | and brute."
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| usage, but it is the earliest documented
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| | Behaviorism reigned as the dominant model
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| use at present.
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| | in psychology through the first half of
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| The term did not fall into popular usage
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| | the 20th century, largely due to the
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| until the German idealist philosopher,
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| | creation of conditioning theories as
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| Christian Wolff (1679-1754) used it in
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| | scientific models of human behavior, and
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| his Psychologia empirica and Psychologia
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| | their successful application in the
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| rationalis (1732-1734). This distinction
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| | workplace and in fields such as
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| between empirical and rational psychology
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| | advertising.
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| was picked up in Diderot's Encyclodedie
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| | Modern era
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| and was popularized in France by Maine de
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| | However, it became increasingly clear
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| Biran.
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| | that although behaviorism had made some
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| The root of the word psychology (psyche)
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| | important discoveries, it was deficient
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| is very roughly equivalent to "soul" in
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| | as a guiding theory of human behavior.
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| Greek, and psychology came to be
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| | Noam Chomsky's review of Skinner's book
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| considered a study of the soul (in a
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| | Verbal Behavior (that aimed to explain
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| religious sense of this term) much later,
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| | language acquisition in a behaviorist
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| in Christian times. Psychology as a
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| | framework) is considered one of the major
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| medical discipline can be seen in Thomas
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| | factors in the ending of behaviorism's
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| Willis' reference to psychology (the
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| | reign. Chomsky demonstrated that language
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| "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain
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| | could not purely be learned from
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| function, as part of his 1672 anatomical
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| | conditioning, as people could produce
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| treatise "De Anima Brutorum" ("Two
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| | sentences unique in structure and meaning
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| Discourses on the Souls of Brutes").
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| | that couldn't possibly be generated
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| Until about the end of the 19th century,
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| | solely through experience of natural
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| psychology was regarded as a branch of
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| | language, implying that there must be
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| philosophy.
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| | internal states of mind that behaviorism
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| Early modern era
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| | rejected as illusory. Similarly, work by
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| In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), known
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| | Albert Bandura showed that children could
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| as "the father of psychology", founded a
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| | learn by social observation, without any
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| laboratory for the study of psychology at
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| | change in overt behavior, and so must be
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| Leipzig University in Germany. The
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| | accounted for by internal
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| American philosopher William James
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| | representations.
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| published his seminal book, Principles of
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| | Humanistic psychology emerged in the
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| Psychology, in 1890, laying the
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| | 1950s and has continued as a reaction to
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| foundations for many of the questions
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| | positivist and scientific approaches to
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| that psychologists would focus on for
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| | the mind. It stresses a phenomenological
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| years to come. Other important early
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| | view of human experience and seeks to
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| contributors to the field include Hermann
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| | understand human beings and their
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| Ebbinghaus (1850–1909), a pioneer
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| | behavior by conducting qualitative
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| in the experimental study of memory at
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| | research. The humanistic approach has its
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| the University of Berlin; and the Russian
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| | roots in existentialist and
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| physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), who
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| | phenomenological philosophy and many
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| investigated the learning process now
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| | humanist psychologists completely reject
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| referred to as classical conditioning.
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| | a scientific approach, arguing that
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| Meanwhile, during the 1890s, the Austrian
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| | trying to turn human experience into
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| physician Sigmund Freud, who was trained
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| | measurements strips it of all meaning and
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| as a neurologist and had no formal
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| | relevance to lived existence.
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| training in experimental psychology, had
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| | Some of the founding theorists behind
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| developed a method of psychotherapy known
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| | this school of thought were Abraham
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| as psychoanalysis. Freud's understanding
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| | Maslow who formulated a hierarchy of
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| of the mind was largely based on
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| | human needs, Carl Rogers who created and
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| interpretive methods and introspection,
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| | developed Client-centred therapy, and
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| and was focused in particular on
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| | Fritz Perls who helped create and develop
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| resolving mental distress and
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| | Gestalt therapy.
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| psychopathology. Freud's theories became
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| | The rise of computer technology also
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| very well-known, largely because they
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| | promoted the metaphor of mental function
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| tackled subjects such as sexuality and
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| | as information processing. This, combined
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| repression as general aspects of
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| | with a scientific approach to studying
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| psychological development. These were
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| | the mind, as well as a belief in internal
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| largely considered taboo subjects at the
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| | mental states, led to the rise of
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| time, and Freud provided a catalyst for
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| | cognitivism as the dominant model of the
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| them to be openly discussed in polite
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| | mind.
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| society. Although Freud's theories are
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| | Links between brain and nervous system
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| only of limited interest in modern
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| | function were also becoming common,
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| academic psychology departments, his
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| | partly due to the experimental work of
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| application of psychology to clinical
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| | people such as Charles Sherrington and
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| work has been very influential.
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| | Donald Hebb, and partly due to studies of
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| Partly in reaction to the subjective and
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| | people with brain injury (see cognitive
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| introspective nature of Freudian
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| | neuropsychology). With the development of
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| psychology, and its focus on the
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| | technologies for accurately measuring
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| recollection of childhood experiences,
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| | brain function, neuropsychology and
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| during the early decades of the 20th
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| | cognitive neuroscience have become some
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| century behaviorism gained popularity as
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| | of the most active areas in contemporary
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| a guiding psychological theory.
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| | psychology. With the increasing
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| Championed by psychologists such as John
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| | involvement of other disciplines (such as
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| B. Watson and Edward Thorndike (and
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| | philosophy, computer science and
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| later, B.F. Skinner), behaviorism was
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| | neuroscience) in the quest to understand
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| grounded in studies of animal behavior.
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| | the mind, the umbrella discipline of
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| Behaviorists argued that psychology
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| | cognitive science has been created as a
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| should be a science of behavior, not the
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| | means of focusing such efforts in a
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| mind, and rejected the idea that internal
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| | constructive way.
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| mental states such as beliefs, desires,
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