Different types of psychology


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History Of Autism Pioneers

Autism does not have a long history, and thisdisplayed - little to no interest in
is due to the fact that the history of autismsocializing  with  other  people.
really didn't begin until the first decade of
the 20th century. Although, autism as aDr. Hans Asperger (1906-1980) - Dr. Hans
condition was around prior to this time, itAsperger, was a scientist and pediatrician.
was not a recognized condition and mostHe is best known in the history of autism for
people would have been regarded as insane. Indefining Asperger Syndrome - a specific type
fact, it wasn't even until the Swissof high functioning autism. The first time he
psychiatrist, Eugene Bleuler, coined the termdefined Asperger syndrome was in 1944, when
"autism" in the 1912 issue of the Americanhe studied 4 young boys and, like Kanner,
Journal of Insanity, did the term even exist.found that each child displayed similar
characteristics. He identified these
However, despite being the first person tocharacteristic behaviors as autistic
use the term, Bleuler considered autism to bepsychopathy.
another form of schizophrenia in which
schizophrenic's lacked social skills withAlthough Asperger identified most of the same
others, and were more absorbed in themselves.traits as Kanner, he didn't note his group
Bleuler's study was the beginning of thehaving delayed echolalia. Alternatively, he
history  of  autism.said that the children had clumsy movements
and irregular motor skills compared to
Although Bleuler may have been the first toregular children, and also that they talked
recognize one of the most common traits ofmuch like grown ups. Asperger referred to
autistics, there were three other pioneers ofthem  as  "little  professors".
autism who really set the wheels of autism
research in motion. These three doctors hadUnfortunately, the findings of Dr. Hans
a huge impact on what people believed autismAsperger regarding autism were not widely
was in the mid 1900's, as well as how thediscovered until the late 1980's even though
disorder  is  recognized  today.his reports occurred much earlier in the
history of autism. It is believed that there
Dr. Leo Kanner - (1894 - 1981) - Dr. Leowere two main reasons why Asperger did not
Kanner was an Austrian-American psychiatrist,receive the recognition he deserved until
who was one of the first to specialize inmuch later than his original observations.
child psychology. Kanner, a doctor atThe first reason was his findings were
Baltimore's Johns Hopkins Hospital, isdelayed due to World War II. The second was
credited with recognizing autism as its ownthat his work wasn't written in English and
unique mental disorder. According to thewas not translated until almost 50 years
history of autism, Kanner created the labellater.
early infantile autism, which he wrote about
in  1943  in the journal "The Nervous Child".Dr. Bruno Bettelhiem (1903-1990) - Bruno
Bettelheim was an Austrian-American writer
In his report, Kanner discussed his researchand child psychologist. Bettelheim developed
based on a group of eleven children who allhis own theories on autism and is best known
closely  displayed  the  following  traits:for his theory of the "refrigerator mother".
In his work "The Empty Fortress"(1967),
Â-  Social  interaction  difficultiesBettelheim wrote about three therapy sessions
with children who had infantile autism. He
Â- Difficulty processing and adapting toclaimed that their disorder was caused by
changeshaving emotionally cold mothers. His theory
was widely accepted, and for many years,
Â-  Particularly  good  memoryparents (particularly mothers) were
considered  the  problem  behind  autism.
Â- Belated echolalia (repeating speech
made  by  others)For information on recognizing and treating
autism sign up for the free Autism newsletter
Â- Exceedingly sensitive to sounds, andbelow.
other  stimulants
Today, Bettelhiem's theory has been
Â-  Food  issuesdisregarded by most. However, the
characteristics described by Kanner and
Â-  Good  intellectual  potentialAsperger are still used to define the basic
behavioral patterns of autistics.
He used the term autism to describe the mainNevertheless, all of these men have made a
characteristic all the children he studiedserious mark on the history of autism.



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