| Copyright 2006. Reproduction of this material is | | | | more malleable and open to new healthy thoughts, |
| allowed as long as it is unaltered and complete with | | | | post-hypnotic suggestions, brainwave activity and so |
| Mind Alive contact information. Reproduction for | | | | on. During AVE, the EMG and electro-dermal |
| marketing purposes is prohibited without permission | | | | responses fall, finger temperature increases and |
| from Mind Alive Inc. | | | | breathing becomes smooth and diaphragmatic. These |
| History | | | | changes reflect a return to homeostasis or |
| Clinical reports of flicker stimulation appear as far back | | | | restabilization, hence the term dissociation and |
| as the dawn of modern medicine. It was at the turn of | | | | restabilization (DAR) (40). |
| the 20th century when Pierre Janet, at the | | | | Figure 9 shows a typical reduction in forearm EMG |
| Salpêtrière Hospital in France, reported that when he | | | | and Figure 10 shows a typical increase in finger |
| had his patients gaze into the flickering light produced | | | | temperature. Notice that restabilization begins after |
| from a spinning spoked wheel in front of a kerosene | | | | about six minutes of AVE, when the user begins |
| lantern, it lowered their depression, tension and hysteria | | | | dissociating. Figure 11 shows normalization of breathing |
| (34). Then, in 1934, Adrian and Matthews published their | | | | and heart rate variability following exposure to AVE at |
| results showing that the alpha rhythm could be "driven" | | | | 7.8 Hz. |
| above and below the natural frequency with photic | | | | Figure 9. Forearm EMG Levels During AVE (Hawes, |
| stimulation (1). | | | | 2000) |
| This discovery further propagated dozens of small | | | | *** For the complete article with figures included, |
| physiological outcome studies on the "flicker following | | | | please see... *** |
| response" by many well respected researchers | | | | Figure 10. Peripheral Temperature Levels During AVE |
| (4,5,11,20,18,22,43). However no one considered the | | | | (Hawes, 2000) |
| subjective and behavioral effects of photic stimulation. | | | | *** For the complete article with figures included, |
| Finally in 1956, W. Gray Walter published the results on | | | | please see... *** |
| thousands of test subjects comparing flicker stimulation | | | | Neurotransmitters |
| with the subjective emotional feelings it produced (46). | | | | There is evidence that blood serum levels of serotonin, |
| Meanwhile, William Kroger accomplished other | | | | endorphine, and melatonin rise considerably following 10 |
| important developments in photic stimulation. Kroger | | | | Hz., white-light AVE (42). Increases in endorphines |
| was a physician investigating why radar operators | | | | reflect increased relaxation while increased |
| were going into trances in front of their radar sets and | | | | norepinephrine along with a reduction in daytime levels |
| of course, leaving the ship or plane at great risk to the | | | | of melatonin, indicate increased alertness (Figure 11). |
| enemy. He concluded that the rhythmic "blip" of the | | | | Figure 11. Neurotransmitter Levels Following AVE (42) |
| radar was "pulling" the radar operators into a trance | | | | *** For the complete article with figures included, |
| state. These findings compelled Kroger to team up | | | | please see... *** |
| with Sydney Schneider of the Schneider Instrument | | | | Dendritic Growth |
| Company of Ohio to construct and market the first | | | | There is evidence that stimulating neurons with mild |
| electronic clinical photic stimulator, called the | | | | electrical stimulation promotes growth of dendrites and |
| "Brainwave Synchronizer." It comprised of an intense | | | | dendritic shaft synapses in the cells being stimulated (6, |
| xenon strobe light complete with a rotating dial that | | | | 25). However, studies do not yet exist on the influence |
| could be set to the frequencies of the standard four | | | | of AVE on dendritic growth, although it is suspected |
| brain wave rhythms. They found the Brainwave | | | | because many people with autism, palsy, stroke and |
| Synchronizer had powerful hypnotic qualities and soon | | | | aneurysm (36) have gained significant motor and |
| published a study on hypnotic induction (24). They also | | | | cognitive function following a treatment program of |
| prompted other studies involving hypnotic induction in | | | | AVE. |
| surgery and dentistry, and studies of general interest to | | | | Cerebral Blood Flow |
| the hypnosis profession (38, 31, 29). | | | | Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is essential for good mental |
| In 1981, my wife, Nancy, and I incorporated Comptronic | | | | health and function. SPECT and FMRI imaging of CBF |
| Devices Limited, with a focus on designing TENS units | | | | show that hypoperfusion of CBF is associated with |
| and EMG feedback devices for dental (TMJ) | | | | many forms of mental disorders. CBF increases |
| applications. In 1984, I designed the "Digital Audio-Visual | | | | dramatically during AVE (12, 39). Figure 18 shows an |
| Integration Device" (DAVID1), used for hypnotic | | | | increase of 28% in cerebral blood flow within the |
| induction and to calm anxiety in performing arts | | | | striate cortex, a primary visual processing area within |
| students at the University of Alberta. The "light and | | | | the occiput. As an interesting note, maximal CBF |
| sound" (L&S) market at this time was in its infancy and | | | | occurs at 7.8 Hz, the Schumann Resonance of the |
| resided primarily within the new age sector. There was | | | | earth. |
| little "known" research to support L&S technology, and | | | | Figure 12. Cerebral Blood Flow at Various AVE |
| professionals by and large showed disinterest. Due | | | | Repetition Rates (12) |
| mainly to poorly designed L&S products and a lack of | | | | *** For the complete article with figures included, |
| research, about 40 L&S companies have come and | | | | please see... *** |
| gone, most of them during the 1980s and 1990s. | | | | Following Fox and Raichle's study was a whole head |
| However, since the time of Adrian and Matthews, a | | | | PET analysis of visual entrainment at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and14 |
| considerable number of studies have verified photic | | | | Hz (32). This study on 19 healthy, elderly (mean |
| and auditory "driving" of the EEG. I have since | | | | age=64 years) subjects found that regional cerebral |
| re-named this phenomenon as "audio-visual | | | | blood flow (rCBF) was activated differentially with the: |
| entrainment" or AVE, as any given frequency of | | | | 1) left anterior cingulate showing maximal increases in |
| stimulation that is reflected in brain wave activity and | | | | rCBF at 4 Hz. |
| observable on an EEG or QEEG can be entrained. | | | | 2) right anterior cingulate showing decreases in rCBF |
| Many more studies on photic or combined audio/photic | | | | with frequency. |
| stimulation exist than pure audio stimulation studies, | | | | 3) left middle temporal gyrus showing increases in |
| however audio-only stimulation studies have confirmed | | | | rCFB at 1 Hz. |
| audio entrainment (8) and its effect on calming | | | | 4) striate cortex showing maximal rCBF at 7 Hz. |
| masseter muscle tension (30). | | | | 5) lateral and inferior visual association areas showing |
| Physiology of Audio-Visual Entrainment | | | | increases in rCBF with frequency. |
| In order for entrainment to occur, a constant, repetitive | | | | While there may be benefits to increasing occipital |
| stimuli of sufficient strength to "excite" the thalamus | | | | CBF, there is even greater concern regarding |
| must be present. The thalamus then passes the stimuli | | | | conditions involving hypoperfuson of CBF in frontal |
| onto the sensory-motor strip, the cortex in general and | | | | regions. Frontal disorders include: anxiety, depression, |
| associated processing areas such as the visual and | | | | attentional and behavior disorders, and impaired |
| auditory cortexes. Figure 1 shows the visual pathway | | | | cognitive function (2). Figure 13 shows an increase in |
| with the retina of both eyes becoming excited and | | | | frontal CBF recorded on Hershel Toomin's "Thinking |
| sending pulses down the optic nerve, through the optic | | | | Cap" (or "Hemoencephalogram") using infra-red light to |
| chiasm, and into the lateral geniculate of both thalami. | | | | measure perfusion of CBF. Notice that CBF at FPZ |
| From here, the visual signals are passed onto the | | | | increases by 15% in 10 minutes (Toomin, personal |
| visual and cerebral cortexes for further processing. | | | | communication). |
| Notice that there is very little delay from the onset of | | | | Figure 13 Hemoencephalographic Measure of Cerebral |
| the flash to the response in the optic nerve, but a | | | | Blood Flow During 10 Hz AVE |
| delay of approximately 100 msec occurs by the time | | | | *** For the complete article with figures included, |
| the visual evoked potential (VEP) is elicited in the visual | | | | please see... *** |
| cortex. This delay may be why entrainment occurs | | | | Normalized EEG Activity |
| best at the natural alpha frequency -- as 100 msec | | | | Figure 14 shows a fairly typical brain map in 1 Hz bins |
| equates to 10 Hz. | | | | of a person with mild depression and anxiety as |
| Figure 1. The EEG Photic Stimulation Path | | | | shown on the Skil database. Notice that alpha is |
| *** For the complete article with figures included, | | | | slowed and approaching +2SD from the norm and that |
| please see... *** | | | | some beta frequencies (16-18 Hz) are high (>1SD) in |
| Photic entrainment begins its process as a series of | | | | central frontal areas. |
| overlapping evoked potentials (23). Kinney broke down | | | | Figure 14. Brain Map in 1 Hz Bins of Individual with |
| a simple VEP into its various components (Figure 2) | | | | Depression and Anxiety (SKIL-Eyes Open) |
| representing the passage of time for 4, 8, 12 and 20 | | | | *** For the complete article with figures included, |
| Hz. As can be seen, much of the VEP occurs within | | | | please see... *** |
| 250 msec, correlating to four Hz. The various | | | | Following an AVE session of 7.8 Hz., both alpha and |
| overlapping parts were then vector summed into the | | | | beta activity are normalized as shown below in Figure |
| mathematical VEP and compared with the actual | | | | 15. |
| VEPs observed by EEG at the higher, entrained | | | | Figure 15. Brain Map Following 7.8 Hz AVE (SKIL-EO) |
| frequencies, shown in Figure 2. | | | | *** For the complete article with figures included, |
| Figure 2. EEG Wavelet | | | | please see... *** |
| *** For the complete article with figures included, | | | | Conclusion |
| please see... *** | | | | In closing, AVE has the ability to quickly and effectively |
| When this mathematical model was compared with | | | | relax people out of high sympathetic activation and |
| the actual observed EEG of the entrained stimuli | | | | traumatic states of mind, bringing a return to |
| (Figure 3), a high degree of predictability was observed, | | | | homeostasis. AVE may be used alongside hypnotic |
| demonstrating that photic entrainment is indeed a | | | | suggestions on tape/CD or live via a microphone. At |
| vector summation of VEPs and not a novel neuronal | | | | the same time however, AVE exerts a powerful |
| process. | | | | influence on brain/mind stabilization and normalization. |
| Figure 3. EEG VEPs - Vector Addition (theoretical) | | | | At the end of an AVE session, the user may realize |
| Model vs Observed EEG | | | | that he/she has not felt so relaxed for years -- |
| *** For the complete article with figures included, | | | | perhaps not since childhood. |
| please see... *** | | | | Footnote: |
| By definition, entrainment occurs when an EEG reflects | | | | 1. For more information, address all correspondence to: |
| the brain wave frequency duplicating that of the stimuli, | | | | David Siever, c/o Mind Alive Inc., 9008 - 51 Avenue, |
| be it audio, visual or tactile (41). Entrainment occurs | | | | Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6E 5X4 |
| best near one's own natural alpha frequency (43, 23). | | | | Toll Free: (800) 661-6463 Fax: (780) 461-9551 Web: |
| LEDs and xenon strobe lights contain much harmonic | | | | Email: References |
| content due to the "squareness" or rapid turn-on and | | | | 1) Adrian, E. & Matthews, B. (1934) The Berger rhythm: |
| turn-off transitions of the stimuli and these harmonics | | | | Potential changes from the occipital lobes in man. Brain, |
| are reflected within the EEG. Figure 4 shows a strong | | | | 57, 355-384. |
| and pure entrainment at 12 Hz. The harmonics (small | | | | 2) Amen, D. (1998). Change your brain, change your life. |
| wavelets) seen in the EEG are a reflection of the | | | | New York: Three Rivers Press. |
| actual harmonics contained within the stimulus. Square | | | | 3) Barlow, J. (1960). Rhythmic activity induced by photic |
| wave stimulation is associated with an increased risk | | | | stimulation in relation to intrinsic alpha activity of the |
| of seizure (21, 37). The only way to produce | | | | brain in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical |
| entrainment without harmonics is via sine wave | | | | Neurophysiology, 12, 317-326. |
| stimulation in which the stimuli turn on and turn off in | | | | 4) Bartley, S. (1934). Relation of intensity and duration |
| slow, gentle transitions and do not contain harmonics. | | | | of brief retinal stimulation by light to the electrical |
| (45, 44, 35, 41). | | | | response of the optic cortex of the rabbit. American |
| Figure 4. EEG Showing Photic Entrainment | | | | Journal of Physiology, 108, 397-408. |
| *** For the complete article with figures included, | | | | 5) Bartley, S. (1937). Some observations on the |
| please see... *** | | | | organization of the retinal response. American Journal |
| AVE at 18.5 Hz has also been shown to produce | | | | of Physiology, 120, 184-189. |
| dramatic increases in EEG amplitude at the vertex (14), | | | | 6) Beardsley, T. (1999, June). Getting wired. Scientific |
| where it was found that:a) eyes-closed 18.5 Hz. photic | | | | American, 24-25. |
| entrainment increased 18.5 Hz EEG activity by 49%.b) | | | | 7) Brownbeck, T. & Mason, L. (1999). Neurotherapy in |
| eyes-open auditory entrainment produced increased | | | | the treatment of dissociation. In J. R. Evans, & A. |
| 18.5 Hz. EEG activity by 27%.c) eyes-closed auditory | | | | Arbanel. (Eds.), Introduction to quantitative EEG and |
| entrainment produced increased 18.5 Hz EEG activity | | | | neurofeedback (pp 145-156). San Diego: Academic |
| by 21%.d) eyes-closed AVE produced increased 18.5 | | | | Press. |
| Hz. EEG activity by 38.3%. | | | | 8) Chatrian, G., Petersen, M. & Lazarte, J. (1959). |
| Entrainment primarily shows itself frontally and near the | | | | Response to clicks from the human brain: Some depth |
| vertex (41). Figure 5 is a QEEG, or "brainmap" from the | | | | electrographic observations. Electroencephalography |
| SKIL (Sterman-Kaiser Imaging Labs) database, in 1Hz | | | | and Clinical Neurophysiology, 12, 479-489. |
| bins showing the frequency distribution of AVE at 7.8 | | | | 9) Dempsey, E. & Morison, R. (1942). The interaction of |
| Hz. The area within the circle at 8Hz shows maximal | | | | certain spontaneous and induced cortical potentials. |
| effects of AVE in central, frontal and parietal regions | | | | American Journal of Physiology, 135, 301-307. |
| (at 10uv in this case) as referenced with the oval area | | | | 10) Donker, D., Njio, L., Storm Van Leewan, W., & |
| on the legend. It is through these effects that AVE has | | | | Wieneke, G. (1978). Interhemispheric Relationships of |
| proven effective in treating depression, anxiety and | | | | Responses to Sine Wave Modulated Light in Normal |
| attentional disorders. A harmonic is also present at 16 | | | | Subjects and Patients. Encephalography and Clinical |
| Hz. (the circled image), which is typical of semi-sine | | | | Neurophysiology, 44, 479-489. |
| wave (part sine/part square wave) stimulation. | | | | 11) Durup, G. & Fessard, A. (1935). |
| Figure 5. Brain Map in 1Hz Bins -- During 7.8 Hz AVE | | | | L'electroencephalogramme de l'homme (The human |
| (SKIL-Eyes Closed) | | | | electroencephalogram). Annale Psychologie, 36, 1 -32. |
| *** For the complete article with figures included, | | | | 12) Fox, P. & Raichle, M. (1985). Stimulus rate |
| please see... *** | | | | determines regional blood flow in striate cortex. Annals |
| Body/Mind Effects of Audio-Visual Entrainment | | | | of Neurology, 17, (3), 303-305. |
| We conceptualize AVE as achieving its effects | | | | 13) Fox, P., Raichle, M., Mintun, M., & Dence, C. (1988). |
| through several mechanisms at once (40). These | | | | Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal |
| include: | | | | physiologic neural activity. Science, 241, 462-464. |
| 1) dissociation / hypnotic induction, | | | | 14) Frederick, J., Lubar, J., Rasey, H., Brim, S., & |
| 2) increased neurotransmitters, | | | | Blackburn, J. (1999). Effects of 18.5 Hz audiovisual |
| 3) possible increased dendritic growth, | | | | stimulation on EEG amplitude at the vertex. Journal of |
| 4) altered cerebral blood flow, and | | | | Neurotherapy, 3 (3), 23-27. |
| 5) normalized EEG activity. | | | | 15) Glista, M.D., Frank, M. D., & Tracy, M. D. (1983). Video |
| Dissociation | | | | games and seizures. Archives of Neurology, 40, 588. |
| Dissociation is described as a process where feelings, | | | | 16) Glicksohn, J. (1986-87). Photic driving and altered |
| memories and physical sensations are kept apart from | | | | states of consciousness: An exploratory study. |
| other information that would normally be logically | | | | Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 6 (2), 1986-87. |
| associated. In pathological terms, dissociation is a | | | | 17) Goldberger, L. (1982). Sensory deprivation and |
| maladaptive disruption in integrated functioning typically | | | | overload. Handbook of Stress, The Free Press, New |
| associated with depersonalization, stress, identity, | | | | York, 410-418. |
| amnesia and depersonalization disorders (7). | | | | 18) Goldman, G., Segal, J., & Segalis, M. (1938). L'action |
| On the other hand, dissociation occurs when we | | | | d'une excitation inermittente sur le rythme de Berger. |
| meditate, exercise, read a good book, take in a movie | | | | (The effects of intermittent excitation on the Berger |
| or enjoy a sporting event, because we get drawn into | | | | rhythms (EEG rhythms). C.R. Societe de Biologie Paris, |
| the present moment and dissociate from all of our | | | | 127, 1217-1220. |
| daily hassles, worries, anxieties and the resulting | | | | 19) Hear, J. (1971). Field dependency in relation to altered |
| unhealthy mental chatter. Several techniques such as | | | | states of consciousness produced by |
| dot staring and stimulus depression have been shown | | | | sensory-overload. Perception and Motor Skills, 33, |
| to induce dissociation (26). Audio dissociation analgesia | | | | 192-194. |
| using white noise has been shown to effectively | | | | 20) Jasper, H. H. (1936). Cortical excitatory state and |
| increase pain threshold and pain tolerance during a | | | | synchronism in the control of bioelectric autonomous |
| dental procedure (33). | | | | rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia in Quantitative |
| Regardless of the activity, this type of dissociation | | | | Biology, 4, 32-338. |
| reduces our weekly stress load, whether we are | | | | 21) Joyce, M. & Siever, D. (2000). Audio-visual |
| aware of it or not. In essence, when we focus on | | | | entrainment program as a treatment for behavior |
| something, we dissociate from other things. The saying, | | | | disorders in a school setting. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4 |
| "a change is as good as a rest," has much more truth | | | | (2) 9-25. |
| to it than initially meets the eye (40). | | | | 22) Jung, R. (1939). Das Elektroencephalogram und |
| The first study on dissociation induced via entrainment | | | | seine klinische Anwendung.(The electroencephalogram |
| involved hypnotic induction and found that photic | | | | and its clinical application). Nervenarzt, 12, 569-591. |
| stimulation at alpha frequencies could easily put | | | | 23) Kinney, J. A., McKay, C., Mensch, A., & Luria, S. |
| subjects into hypnotic trances (24, 29). Figure 6 shows | | | | (1973). Visual evoked responses elicited by rapid |
| the results of Kroger and Schneider's study in which | | | | stimulation. Encephalography and Clinical |
| nearly 80% of the participants in the study were in a | | | | Neurophysiology, 34, 7-13. |
| hypnotic trance within six minutes of photic | | | | 24) Kroger, W. S. & Schneider, S. A. (1959). An |
| entrainment. | | | | electronic aid for hypnotic induction: A preliminary |
| Figure 6. Photic Stimulation Induction of Hypnotic | | | | report. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental |
| Trance (24) | | | | Hypnosis, 7, 93-98. |
| *** For the complete article with figures included, | | | | 25) Lee, K., Schottler, F., Oliver, M., & Lynch, G. (1980). |
| please see... *** | | | | Brief bursts of high-frequency stimulation produce two |
| Psychologists have been looking for ways to | | | | types of structural change in rat hippocampus. Journal |
| dissociate their clients as a part of fear and phobia | | | | of Neurophysiology, 44 (2), 247-258. |
| treatment. Inducing dissociation using AVE delivered by | | | | 26) Leonard, K., Telch, M., & Harrington, P. (1999). |
| the DAVID1 was found to be more effective than dot | | | | Dissociation in the laboratory: A comparison of |
| staring or stimulus deprivation (26) as shown in Figure | | | | strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 49-61. |
| 7. | | | | 27) Leonard, K., Telch, M., & Harrington, P. (2000). Fear |
| Figure 7. AVE Induced Dissociation (26) | | | | response to dissociation challenge. Anxiety, Stress and |
| *** For the complete article with figures included, | | | | Coping, 13, 355-369. |
| please see... *** | | | | 28) Lipowsky, Z. (1975). Sensory and information inputs |
| Furthermore, Leonard completed a second study with | | | | over-load: behavioral effects. Comprehensive |
| people who experience dissociative anxiety (27). | | | | Psychiatry, 16, 199-221 |
| People with dissociative anxiety feel a need to have a | | | | 29) Lewerenz, C. (1963). A factual report on the brain |
| sense of control in their lives and become anxious or | | | | wave synchronizer. Hypnosis Quarterly, 6 (4), 23. |
| panicky when they dissociate, be it driving home, at the | | | | 30) Manns, A., Miralles, R., & Adrian, H. (1981). The |
| office, or in a clinical setting. The Acute Dissociation | | | | application of audiostimulation and electromyographic |
| Inventory (ADI) is a 35-item self-report scale (26). It | | | | biofeedback to bruxism and myofascial |
| assesses dissociative sensations (ADI-Dissoc) and | | | | pain-dysfunction syndrome. Oral Surgery, 52 (3), |
| subjective anxiety, or dissociative anxiety in response | | | | 247-252. |
| to dissociative provocation (ADI-Anx). Leonard and her | | | | 31) Margolis, B. (1966, June). A technique for rapidly |
| colleagues clinically dissociated people who become | | | | inducing hypnosis. CAL (Certified Akers Laboratories), |
| anxious when dissociating, by using a DAVID Paradise | | | | 21-24. |
| HemistepTM alpha session. As expected, the | | | | 32) Mentis, M., Alexander, G., Grady, C., Krasuski, J., |
| participants' anxiety (ADI-Anx) had almost doubled by | | | | Pietrini, P., Strassburger, T., Hampel, H., Schapiro, M. & |
| the end of the AVE session. The surprise, however, | | | | Rapoport, S. (1997). Frequency variation of a |
| was that their heart rate actually decreased, contrary | | | | pattern-flash visual stimulus during PET differentially |
| to normal anxiety reactions (Figure 8). With the ability | | | | activates brain from striate through frontal cortex. |
| to clinically dissociate these people, yet simultaneously | | | | Neuroimage, 5, 116-128. |
| calm them down somatically, AVE can be used as a | | | | 33) Morosko, T. & Simmons, F., (1966). The effect of |
| desensitization tool for reducing dissociative anxiety. | | | | audio-analgesia on pain threshold and pain tolerance. |
| Figure 8. Dissociative Anxiety and Somatic Arousal | | | | Journal of Dental Research, Vol 45, 1608-1617. |
| (27) | | | | 34) Pieron, H. (1982). Melanges dedicated to Monsieur |
| *** For the complete article with figures included, | | | | Pierre Janet. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, 1, 7-112). |
| please see... *** | | | | 35) Regan, D. (1966). Some characteristics of average |
| A dissociative mindstate or hypnotic trance may be | | | | steady-state and transient responses evoked by |
| described in terms of an altered state of | | | | modulated light. Electroencephalogy and Clinical |
| consciousness (ASC) in which the subject (or an | | | | Neurophysiology, 20, 238-248. |
| independent observer of the subject) observes a | | | | 36) Russell, H. (1996). Entrainment combined with |
| qualitative shift in the normal pattern of mental | | | | multimodal rehabilitation of a 43-year-old severely |
| functioning (16). ASCs produced via overstimulation | | | | impaired postaneurysm patient. Biofeedback and Self |
| also occur when a person is bombarded with higher | | | | Regulation, 21, 4. |
| than normal levels of sensory input, usually in more | | | | 37) Ruuskanen-Uoti, H. & Salmi, T. (1994, January). |
| than one sensory modality (19, 28, 17). Glicksohn studied | | | | Epileptic seizure induced by a product marketed as a |
| photic entrainment and the ASCs produced. He | | | | "Brainwave Synchronizer." Neurology, 44, 180. |
| monitored the EEGs of subjects during photic | | | | 38) Sadove, M.S. (1963, July). Hypnosis in |
| entrainment. They all described a wide variety of | | | | anaesthesiology. Illinois Medical Journal, 39-42. |
| reactions to the stimulation with some reporting | | | | 39) Sappey-Marinier, D., Calabrese, G., Fein, G., Hugg, J., |
| incredible imagery consisting of items they had seen | | | | Biggins, C., & Weiner, M. (1992). Effect of photic |
| before in their lives, intertwined with geometrical | | | | stimulation on human visual cortex lactate and |
| patterns while others reported no visual changes at all. | | | | phosphates using 1H and 31P magnetic resonance |
| At the end of the study, Glicksohn concluded that: | | | | spectroscopy. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and |
| 1) It is the increase in alpha activity created by photic | | | | Metabolism, 12 (4), 584-592. |
| driving, and not the natural alpha activity itself, that is | | | | 40) Siever, D. (2000). The rediscovery of audio-visual |
| conducive to an ASC. | | | | entrainment technology. Unpublished manuscript. |
| 2) The appearance of visual imagery is neither | | | | 41) Siever, D. (2002). New technology for attention and |
| necessary nor all that is involved to indicate the | | | | learning. Unpublished manuscript. |
| experience of an ASC. | | | | 42) Shealy, N., Cady, R., Cox, R., Liss, S., Clossen, W., & |
| 3) If a photic driving response is not elicited, the subject | | | | Veehoff, D. (1989). A comparison of depths of |
| will not experience an ASC. | | | | relaxation produced by various techniques and |
| Glicksohn's observations support the concept that in | | | | neurotransmitters produced by brainwave entrainment. |
| order for AVE to occur, the stimulating frequency | | | | Shealy and Forest Institute of Professional Psychology. |
| must have a direct impact on brain wave frequency | | | | A study done for Comprehensive Health Care, |
| and be observable on an EEG. | | | | Unpublished. |
| Dissociation and Restabilization | | | | 43) Toman, J. (1941). Flicker potentials and the alpha |
| Dissociating clients with trauma histories, during the | | | | rhythm in man. Journal of Neurophysiology, 4, 51-61. |
| course of treatment is important. The state of mind | | | | 44) Townsend, R. (1973). A device for generation and |
| that a person has at any given moment is made up of | | | | presentation of modulated light stimuli. |
| the brainwave activity associated with apprehension, | | | | Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, |
| anxiety, physical tension (proprioceptive/afferent | | | | 34, 97-99. |
| associations), destructive thoughts, and conditioned | | | | 45) Van Der Tweel, L. & Lunel, H. (1965). Human visual |
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