| Copyright 2006. Reproduction of this
| |
| | and brain to relax, become more malleable
|
| material is allowed as long as it is
| |
| | and open to new healthy thoughts,
|
| unaltered and complete with Mind Alive
| |
| | post-hypnotic suggestions, brainwave
|
| contact information. Reproduction for
| |
| | activity and so on. During AVE, the EMG
|
| marketing purposes is prohibited without
| |
| | and electro-dermal responses fall, finger
|
| permission from Mind Alive Inc.
| |
| | temperature increases and breathing
|
| History
| |
| | becomes smooth and diaphragmatic. These
|
| Clinical reports of flicker stimulation
| |
| | changes reflect a return to homeostasis
|
| appear as far back as the dawn of modern
| |
| | or restabilization, hence the term
|
| medicine. It was at the turn of the 20th
| |
| | dissociation and restabilization (DAR)
|
| century when Pierre Janet, at the
| |
| | (40).
|
| Salpêtrière Hospital in France, reported
| |
| | Figure 9 shows a typical reduction in
|
| that when he had his patients gaze into
| |
| | forearm EMG and Figure 10 shows a typical
|
| the flickering light produced from a
| |
| | increase in finger temperature. Notice
|
| spinning spoked wheel in front of a
| |
| | that restabilization begins after about
|
| kerosene lantern, it lowered their
| |
| | six minutes of AVE, when the user begins
|
| depression, tension and hysteria (34).
| |
| | dissociating. Figure 11 shows
|
| Then, in 1934, Adrian and Matthews
| |
| | normalization of breathing and heart rate
|
| published their results showing that the
| |
| | variability following exposure to AVE at
|
| alpha rhythm could be "driven" above and
| |
| | 7.8 Hz.
|
| below the natural frequency with photic
| |
| | Figure 9. Forearm EMG Levels During AVE
|
| stimulation (1).
| |
| | (Hawes, 2000)
|
| This discovery further propagated dozens
| |
| | *** For the complete article with figures
|
| of small physiological outcome studies on
| |
| | included, please see... ***
|
| the "flicker following response" by many
| |
| | Figure 10. Peripheral Temperature Levels
|
| well respected researchers
| |
| | During AVE (Hawes, 2000)
|
| (4,5,11,20,18,22,43). However no one
| |
| | *** For the complete article with figures
|
| considered the subjective and behavioral
| |
| | included, please see... ***
|
| effects of photic stimulation. Finally in
| |
| | Neurotransmitters
|
| 1956, W. Gray Walter published the
| |
| | There is evidence that blood serum levels
|
| results on thousands of test subjects
| |
| | of serotonin, endorphine, and melatonin
|
| comparing flicker stimulation with the
| |
| | rise considerably following 10 Hz.,
|
| subjective emotional feelings it produced
| |
| | white-light AVE (42). Increases in
|
| (46).
| |
| | endorphines reflect increased relaxation
|
| Meanwhile, William Kroger accomplished
| |
| | while increased norepinephrine along with
|
| other important developments in photic
| |
| | a reduction in daytime levels of
|
| stimulation. Kroger was a physician
| |
| | melatonin, indicate increased alertness
|
| investigating why radar operators were
| |
| | (Figure 11).
|
| going into trances in front of their
| |
| | Figure 11. Neurotransmitter Levels
|
| radar sets and of course, leaving the
| |
| | Following AVE (42)
|
| ship or plane at great risk to the enemy.
| |
| | *** For the complete article with figures
|
| He concluded that the rhythmic "blip" of
| |
| | included, please see... ***
|
| the radar was "pulling" the radar
| |
| | Dendritic Growth
|
| operators into a trance state. These
| |
| | There is evidence that stimulating
|
| findings compelled Kroger to team up with
| |
| | neurons with mild electrical stimulation
|
| Sydney Schneider of the Schneider
| |
| | promotes growth of dendrites and
|
| Instrument Company of Ohio to construct
| |
| | dendritic shaft synapses in the cells
|
| and market the first electronic clinical
| |
| | being stimulated (6, 25). However,
|
| photic stimulator, called the "Brainwave
| |
| | studies do not yet exist on the influence
|
| Synchronizer." It comprised of an intense
| |
| | of AVE on dendritic growth, although it
|
| xenon strobe light complete with a
| |
| | is suspected because many people with
|
| rotating dial that could be set to the
| |
| | autism, palsy, stroke and aneurysm (36)
|
| frequencies of the standard four brain
| |
| | have gained significant motor and
|
| wave rhythms. They found the Brainwave
| |
| | cognitive function following a treatment
|
| Synchronizer had powerful hypnotic
| |
| | program of AVE.
|
| qualities and soon published a study on
| |
| | Cerebral Blood Flow
|
| hypnotic induction (24). They also
| |
| | Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is essential
|
| prompted other studies involving hypnotic
| |
| | for good mental health and function.
|
| induction in surgery and dentistry, and
| |
| | SPECT and FMRI imaging of CBF show that
|
| studies of general interest to the
| |
| | hypoperfusion of CBF is associated with
|
| hypnosis profession (38, 31, 29).
| |
| | many forms of mental disorders. CBF
|
| In 1981, my wife, Nancy, and I
| |
| | increases dramatically during AVE (12,
|
| incorporated Comptronic Devices Limited,
| |
| | 39). Figure 18 shows an increase of 28%
|
| with a focus on designing TENS units and
| |
| | in cerebral blood flow within the striate
|
| EMG feedback devices for dental (TMJ)
| |
| | cortex, a primary visual processing area
|
| applications. In 1984, I designed the
| |
| | within the occiput. As an interesting
|
| "Digital Audio-Visual Integration Device"
| |
| | note, maximal CBF occurs at 7.8 Hz, the
|
| (DAVID1), used for hypnotic induction and
| |
| | Schumann Resonance of the earth.
|
| to calm anxiety in performing arts
| |
| | Figure 12. Cerebral Blood Flow at
|
| students at the University of Alberta.
| |
| | Various AVE Repetition Rates (12)
|
| The "light and sound" (L&S) market at
| |
| | *** For the complete article with figures
|
| this time was in its infancy and resided
| |
| | included, please see... ***
|
| primarily within the new age sector.
| |
| | Following Fox and Raichle's study was a
|
| There was little "known" research to
| |
| | whole head PET analysis of visual
|
| support L&S technology, and professionals
| |
| | entrainment at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and14 Hz
|
| by and large showed disinterest. Due
| |
| | (32). This study on 19 healthy, elderly
|
| mainly to poorly designed L&S products
| |
| | (mean age=64 years) subjects found that
|
| and a lack of research, about 40 L&S
| |
| | regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was
|
| companies have come and gone, most of
| |
| | activated differentially with the:
|
| them during the 1980s and 1990s. However,
| |
| | 1) left anterior cingulate showing
|
| since the time of Adrian and Matthews, a
| |
| | maximal increases in rCBF at 4 Hz.
|
| considerable number of studies have
| |
| | 2) right anterior cingulate showing
|
| verified photic and auditory "driving" of
| |
| | decreases in rCBF with frequency.
|
| the EEG. I have since re-named this
| |
| | 3) left middle temporal gyrus showing
|
| phenomenon as "audio-visual entrainment"
| |
| | increases in rCFB at 1 Hz.
|
| or AVE, as any given frequency of
| |
| | 4) striate cortex showing maximal rCBF at
|
| stimulation that is reflected in brain
| |
| | 7 Hz.
|
| wave activity and observable on an EEG or
| |
| | 5) lateral and inferior visual
|
| QEEG can be entrained. Many more studies
| |
| | association areas showing increases in
|
| on photic or combined audio/photic
| |
| | rCBF with frequency.
|
| stimulation exist than pure audio
| |
| | While there may be benefits to increasing
|
| stimulation studies, however audio-only
| |
| | occipital CBF, there is even greater
|
| stimulation studies have confirmed audio
| |
| | concern regarding conditions involving
|
| entrainment (8) and its effect on calming
| |
| | hypoperfuson of CBF in frontal regions.
|
| masseter muscle tension (30).
| |
| | Frontal disorders include: anxiety,
|
| Physiology of Audio-Visual Entrainment
| |
| | depression, attentional and behavior
|
| In order for entrainment to occur, a
| |
| | disorders, and impaired cognitive
|
| constant, repetitive stimuli of
| |
| | function (2). Figure 13 shows an increase
|
| sufficient strength to "excite" the
| |
| | in frontal CBF recorded on Hershel
|
| thalamus must be present. The thalamus
| |
| | Toomin's "Thinking Cap" (or
|
| then passes the stimuli onto the
| |
| | "Hemoencephalogram") using infra-red
|
| sensory-motor strip, the cortex in
| |
| | light to measure perfusion of CBF. Notice
|
| general and associated processing areas
| |
| | that CBF at FPZ increases by 15% in 10
|
| such as the visual and auditory cortexes.
| |
| | minutes (Toomin, personal communication).
|
| Figure 1 shows the visual pathway with
| |
| | Figure 13 Hemoencephalographic
|
| the retina of both eyes becoming excited
| |
| | Measure of Cerebral Blood Flow During 10
|
| and sending pulses down the optic nerve,
| |
| | Hz AVE
|
| through the optic chiasm, and into the
| |
| | *** For the complete article with figures
|
| lateral geniculate of both thalami. From
| |
| | included, please see... ***
|
| here, the visual signals are passed onto
| |
| | Normalized EEG Activity
|
| the visual and cerebral cortexes for
| |
| | Figure 14 shows a fairly typical brain
|
| further processing. Notice that there is
| |
| | map in 1 Hz bins of a person with mild
|
| very little delay from the onset of the
| |
| | depression and anxiety as shown on the
|
| flash to the response in the optic nerve,
| |
| | Skil database. Notice that alpha is
|
| but a delay of approximately 100 msec
| |
| | slowed and approaching +2SD from the norm
|
| occurs by the time the visual evoked
| |
| | and that some beta frequencies (16-18 Hz)
|
| potential (VEP) is elicited in the visual
| |
| | are high (>1SD) in central frontal areas.
|
| cortex. This delay may be why entrainment
| |
| | Figure 14. Brain Map in 1 Hz Bins of
|
| occurs best at the natural alpha
| |
| | Individual with Depression and Anxiety
|
| frequency -- as 100 msec equates to 10
| |
| | (SKIL-Eyes Open)
|
| Hz.
| |
| | *** For the complete article with figures
|
| Figure 1. The EEG Photic Stimulation
| |
| | included, please see... ***
|
| Path
| |
| | Following an AVE session of 7.8 Hz., both
|
| *** For the complete article with figures
| |
| | alpha and beta activity are normalized as
|
| included, please see... ***
| |
| | shown below in Figure 15.
|
| Photic entrainment begins its process as
| |
| | Figure 15. Brain Map Following 7.8 Hz AVE
|
| a series of overlapping evoked potentials
| |
| | (SKIL-EO)
|
| (23). Kinney broke down a simple VEP into
| |
| | *** For the complete article with figures
|
| its various components (Figure 2)
| |
| | included, please see... ***
|
| representing the passage of time for 4,
| |
| | Conclusion
|
| 8, 12 and 20 Hz. As can be seen, much of
| |
| | In closing, AVE has the ability to
|
| the VEP occurs within 250 msec,
| |
| | quickly and effectively relax people out
|
| correlating to four Hz. The various
| |
| | of high sympathetic activation and
|
| overlapping parts were then vector summed
| |
| | traumatic states of mind, bringing a
|
| into the mathematical VEP and compared
| |
| | return to homeostasis. AVE may be used
|
| with the actual VEPs observed by EEG at
| |
| | alongside hypnotic suggestions on tape/CD
|
| the higher, entrained frequencies, shown
| |
| | or live via a microphone. At the same
|
| in Figure 2.
| |
| | time however, AVE exerts a powerful
|
| Figure 2. EEG Wavelet
| |
| | influence on brain/mind stabilization and
|
| *** For the complete article with figures
| |
| | normalization. At the end of an AVE
|
| included, please see... ***
| |
| | session, the user may realize that he/she
|
| When this mathematical model was compared
| |
| | has not felt so relaxed for years --
|
| with the actual observed EEG of the
| |
| | perhaps not since childhood.
|
| entrained stimuli (Figure 3), a high
| |
| | Footnote:
|
| degree of predictability was observed,
| |
| | 1. For more information, address all
|
| demonstrating that photic entrainment is
| |
| | correspondence to:
|
| indeed a vector summation of VEPs and not
| |
| | David Siever, c/o Mind Alive Inc., 9008 -
|
| a novel neuronal process.
| |
| | 51 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6E
|
| Figure 3. EEG VEPs - Vector Addition
| |
| | 5X4
|
| (theoretical) Model vs Observed EEG
| |
| | Toll Free: (800) 661-6463 Fax: (780)
|
| *** For the complete article with figures
| |
| | 461-9551 Web:
|
| included, please see... ***
| |
| | Email: References
|
| By definition, entrainment occurs when an
| |
| | 1) Adrian, E. & Matthews, B. (1934) The
|
| EEG reflects the brain wave frequency
| |
| | Berger rhythm: Potential changes from the
|
| duplicating that of the stimuli, be it
| |
| | occipital lobes in man. Brain, 57,
|
| audio, visual or tactile (41).
| |
| | 355-384.
|
| Entrainment occurs best near one's own
| |
| | 2) Amen, D. (1998). Change your brain,
|
| natural alpha frequency (43, 23). LEDs
| |
| | change your life. New York: Three Rivers
|
| and xenon strobe lights contain much
| |
| | Press.
|
| harmonic content due to the "squareness"
| |
| | 3) Barlow, J. (1960). Rhythmic activity
|
| or rapid turn-on and turn-off transitions
| |
| | induced by photic stimulation in relation
|
| of the stimuli and these harmonics are
| |
| | to intrinsic alpha activity of the brain
|
| reflected within the EEG. Figure 4 shows
| |
| | in man. Electroencephalography and
|
| a strong and pure entrainment at 12 Hz.
| |
| | Clinical Neurophysiology, 12, 317-326.
|
| The harmonics (small wavelets) seen in
| |
| | 4) Bartley, S. (1934). Relation of
|
| the EEG are a reflection of the actual
| |
| | intensity and duration of brief retinal
|
| harmonics contained within the stimulus.
| |
| | stimulation by light to the electrical
|
| Square wave stimulation is associated
| |
| | response of the optic cortex of the
|
| with an increased risk of seizure (21,
| |
| | rabbit. American Journal of Physiology,
|
| 37). The only way to produce entrainment
| |
| | 108, 397-408.
|
| without harmonics is via sine wave
| |
| | 5) Bartley, S. (1937). Some observations
|
| stimulation in which the stimuli turn on
| |
| | on the organization of the retinal
|
| and turn off in slow, gentle transitions
| |
| | response. American Journal of Physiology,
|
| and do not contain harmonics. (45, 44,
| |
| | 120, 184-189.
|
| 35, 41).
| |
| | 6) Beardsley, T. (1999, June). Getting
|
| Figure 4. EEG Showing Photic Entrainment
| |
| | wired. Scientific American, 24-25.
|
| *** For the complete article with figures
| |
| | 7) Brownbeck, T. & Mason, L. (1999).
|
| included, please see... ***
| |
| | Neurotherapy in the treatment of
|
| AVE at 18.5 Hz has also been shown to
| |
| | dissociation. In J. R. Evans, & A.
|
| produce dramatic increases in EEG
| |
| | Arbanel. (Eds.), Introduction to
|
| amplitude at the vertex (14), where it
| |
| | quantitative EEG and neurofeedback (pp
|
| was found that:a) eyes-closed 18.5 Hz.
| |
| | 145-156). San Diego: Academic Press.
|
| photic entrainment increased 18.5 Hz EEG
| |
| | 8) Chatrian, G., Petersen, M. & Lazarte,
|
| activity by 49%.b) eyes-open auditory
| |
| | J. (1959). Response to clicks from the
|
| entrainment produced increased 18.5 Hz.
| |
| | human brain: Some depth electrographic
|
| EEG activity by 27%.c) eyes-closed
| |
| | observations. Electroencephalography and
|
| auditory entrainment produced increased
| |
| | Clinical Neurophysiology, 12, 479-489.
|
| 18.5 Hz EEG activity by 21%.d)
| |
| | 9) Dempsey, E. & Morison, R. (1942). The
|
| eyes-closed AVE produced increased 18.5
| |
| | interaction of certain spontaneous and
|
| Hz. EEG activity by 38.3%.
| |
| | induced cortical potentials. American
|
| Entrainment primarily shows itself
| |
| | Journal of Physiology, 135, 301-307.
|
| frontally and near the vertex (41).
| |
| | 10) Donker, D., Njio, L., Storm Van
|
| Figure 5 is a QEEG, or "brainmap" from
| |
| | Leewan, W., & Wieneke, G. (1978).
|
| the SKIL (Sterman-Kaiser Imaging Labs)
| |
| | Interhemispheric Relationships of
|
| database, in 1Hz bins showing the
| |
| | Responses to Sine Wave Modulated Light in
|
| frequency distribution of AVE at 7.8 Hz.
| |
| | Normal Subjects and Patients.
|
| The area within the circle at 8Hz shows
| |
| | Encephalography and Clinical
|
| maximal effects of AVE in central,
| |
| | Neurophysiology, 44, 479-489.
|
| frontal and parietal regions (at 10uv in
| |
| | 11) Durup, G. & Fessard, A. (1935).
|
| this case) as referenced with the oval
| |
| | L'electroencephalogramme de l'homme (The
|
| area on the legend. It is through these
| |
| | human electroencephalogram). Annale
|
| effects that AVE has proven effective in
| |
| | Psychologie, 36, 1 -32.
|
| treating depression, anxiety and
| |
| | 12) Fox, P. & Raichle, M. (1985).
|
| attentional disorders. A harmonic is also
| |
| | Stimulus rate determines regional blood
|
| present at 16 Hz. (the circled image),
| |
| | flow in striate cortex. Annals of
|
| which is typical of semi-sine wave (part
| |
| | Neurology, 17, (3), 303-305.
|
| sine/part square wave) stimulation.
| |
| | 13) Fox, P., Raichle, M., Mintun, M., &
|
| Figure 5. Brain Map in 1Hz Bins --
| |
| | Dence, C. (1988). Nonoxidative glucose
|
| During 7.8 Hz AVE (SKIL-Eyes Closed)
| |
| | consumption during focal physiologic
|
| *** For the complete article with figures
| |
| | neural activity. Science, 241, 462-464.
|
| included, please see... ***
| |
| | 14) Frederick, J., Lubar, J., Rasey, H.,
|
| Body/Mind Effects of Audio-Visual
| |
| | Brim, S., & Blackburn, J. (1999). Effects
|
| Entrainment
| |
| | of 18.5 Hz audiovisual stimulation on EEG
|
| We conceptualize AVE as achieving its
| |
| | amplitude at the vertex. Journal of
|
| effects through several mechanisms at
| |
| | Neurotherapy, 3 (3), 23-27.
|
| once (40). These include:
| |
| | 15) Glista, M.D., Frank, M. D., & Tracy,
|
| 1) dissociation / hypnotic induction,
| |
| | M. D. (1983). Video games and seizures.
|
| 2) increased neurotransmitters,
| |
| | Archives of Neurology, 40, 588.
|
| 3) possible increased dendritic growth,
| |
| | 16) Glicksohn, J. (1986-87). Photic
|
| 4) altered cerebral blood flow, and
| |
| | driving and altered states of
|
| 5) normalized EEG activity.
| |
| | consciousness: An exploratory study.
|
| Dissociation
| |
| | Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 6
|
| Dissociation is described as a process
| |
| | (2), 1986-87.
|
| where feelings, memories and physical
| |
| | 17) Goldberger, L. (1982). Sensory
|
| sensations are kept apart from other
| |
| | deprivation and overload. Handbook of
|
| information that would normally be
| |
| | Stress, The Free Press, New York,
|
| logically associated. In pathological
| |
| | 410-418.
|
| terms, dissociation is a maladaptive
| |
| | 18) Goldman, G., Segal, J., & Segalis, M.
|
| disruption in integrated functioning
| |
| | (1938). L'action d'une excitation
|
| typically associated with
| |
| | inermittente sur le rythme de Berger.
|
| depersonalization, stress, identity,
| |
| | (The effects of intermittent excitation
|
| amnesia and depersonalization disorders
| |
| | on the Berger rhythms (EEG rhythms). C.R.
|
| (7).
| |
| | Societe de Biologie Paris, 127,
|
| On the other hand, dissociation occurs
| |
| | 1217-1220.
|
| when we meditate, exercise, read a good
| |
| | 19) Hear, J. (1971). Field dependency in
|
| book, take in a movie or enjoy a sporting
| |
| | relation to altered states of
|
| event, because we get drawn into the
| |
| | consciousness produced by
|
| present moment and dissociate from all of
| |
| | sensory-overload. Perception and Motor
|
| our daily hassles, worries, anxieties and
| |
| | Skills, 33, 192-194.
|
| the resulting unhealthy mental chatter.
| |
| | 20) Jasper, H. H. (1936). Cortical
|
| Several techniques such as dot staring
| |
| | excitatory state and synchronism in the
|
| and stimulus depression have been shown
| |
| | control of bioelectric autonomous
|
| to induce dissociation (26). Audio
| |
| | rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia in
|
| dissociation analgesia using white noise
| |
| | Quantitative Biology, 4, 32-338.
|
| has been shown to effectively increase
| |
| | 21) Joyce, M. & Siever, D. (2000).
|
| pain threshold and pain tolerance during
| |
| | Audio-visual entrainment program as a
|
| a dental procedure (33).
| |
| | treatment for behavior disorders in a
|
| Regardless of the activity, this type of
| |
| | school setting. Journal of Neurotherapy,
|
| dissociation reduces our weekly stress
| |
| | 4 (2) 9-25.
|
| load, whether we are aware of it or not.
| |
| | 22) Jung, R. (1939). Das
|
| In essence, when we focus on something,
| |
| | Elektroencephalogram und seine klinische
|
| we dissociate from other things. The
| |
| | Anwendung.(The electroencephalogram and
|
| saying, "a change is as good as a rest,"
| |
| | its clinical application). Nervenarzt,
|
| has much more truth to it than initially
| |
| | 12, 569-591.
|
| meets the eye (40).
| |
| | 23) Kinney, J. A., McKay, C., Mensch, A.,
|
| The first study on dissociation induced
| |
| | & Luria, S. (1973). Visual evoked
|
| via entrainment involved hypnotic
| |
| | responses elicited by rapid stimulation.
|
| induction and found that photic
| |
| | Encephalography and Clinical
|
| stimulation at alpha frequencies could
| |
| | Neurophysiology, 34, 7-13.
|
| easily put subjects into hypnotic trances
| |
| | 24) Kroger, W. S. & Schneider, S. A.
|
| (24, 29). Figure 6 shows the results of
| |
| | (1959). An electronic aid for hypnotic
|
| Kroger and Schneider's study in which
| |
| | induction: A preliminary report.
|
| nearly 80% of the participants in the
| |
| | International Journal of Clinical and
|
| study were in a hypnotic trance within
| |
| | Experimental Hypnosis, 7, 93-98.
|
| six minutes of photic entrainment.
| |
| | 25) Lee, K., Schottler, F., Oliver, M., &
|
| Figure 6. Photic Stimulation Induction
| |
| | Lynch, G. (1980). Brief bursts of
|
| of Hypnotic Trance (24)
| |
| | high-frequency stimulation produce two
|
| *** For the complete article with figures
| |
| | types of structural change in rat
|
| included, please see... ***
| |
| | hippocampus. Journal of Neurophysiology,
|
| Psychologists have been looking for ways
| |
| | 44 (2), 247-258.
|
| to dissociate their clients as a part of
| |
| | 26) Leonard, K., Telch, M., & Harrington,
|
| fear and phobia treatment. Inducing
| |
| | P. (1999). Dissociation in the
|
| dissociation using AVE delivered by the
| |
| | laboratory: A comparison of strategies.
|
| DAVID1 was found to be more effective
| |
| | Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37,
|
| than dot staring or stimulus deprivation
| |
| | 49-61.
|
| (26) as shown in Figure 7.
| |
| | 27) Leonard, K., Telch, M., & Harrington,
|
| Figure 7. AVE Induced Dissociation (26)
| |
| | P. (2000). Fear response to dissociation
|
| *** For the complete article with figures
| |
| | challenge. Anxiety, Stress and Coping,
|
| included, please see... ***
| |
| | 13, 355-369.
|
| Furthermore, Leonard completed a second
| |
| | 28) Lipowsky, Z. (1975). Sensory and
|
| study with people who experience
| |
| | information inputs over-load: behavioral
|
| dissociative anxiety (27). People with
| |
| | effects. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 16,
|
| dissociative anxiety feel a need to have
| |
| | 199-221
|
| a sense of control in their lives and
| |
| | 29) Lewerenz, C. (1963). A factual report
|
| become anxious or panicky when they
| |
| | on the brain wave synchronizer. Hypnosis
|
| dissociate, be it driving home, at the
| |
| | Quarterly, 6 (4), 23.
|
| office, or in a clinical setting. The
| |
| | 30) Manns, A., Miralles, R., & Adrian, H.
|
| Acute Dissociation Inventory (ADI) is a
| |
| | (1981). The application of
|
| 35-item self-report scale (26). It
| |
| | audiostimulation and electromyographic
|
| assesses dissociative sensations
| |
| | biofeedback to bruxism and myofascial
|
| (ADI-Dissoc) and subjective anxiety, or
| |
| | pain-dysfunction syndrome. Oral Surgery,
|
| dissociative anxiety in response to
| |
| | 52 (3), 247-252.
|
| dissociative provocation (ADI-Anx).
| |
| | 31) Margolis, B. (1966, June). A
|
| Leonard and her colleagues clinically
| |
| | technique for rapidly inducing hypnosis.
|
| dissociated people who become anxious
| |
| | CAL (Certified Akers Laboratories),
|
| when dissociating, by using a DAVID
| |
| | 21-24.
|
| Paradise HemistepTM alpha session. As
| |
| | 32) Mentis, M., Alexander, G., Grady, C.,
|
| expected, the participants' anxiety
| |
| | Krasuski, J., Pietrini, P., Strassburger,
|
| (ADI-Anx) had almost doubled by the end
| |
| | T., Hampel, H., Schapiro, M. & Rapoport,
|
| of the AVE session. The surprise,
| |
| | S. (1997). Frequency variation of a
|
| however, was that their heart rate
| |
| | pattern-flash visual stimulus during PET
|
| actually decreased, contrary to normal
| |
| | differentially activates brain from
|
| anxiety reactions (Figure 8). With the
| |
| | striate through frontal cortex.
|
| ability to clinically dissociate these
| |
| | Neuroimage, 5, 116-128.
|
| people, yet simultaneously calm them down
| |
| | 33) Morosko, T. & Simmons, F., (1966).
|
| somatically, AVE can be used as a
| |
| | The effect of audio-analgesia on pain
|
| desensitization tool for reducing
| |
| | threshold and pain tolerance. Journal of
|
| dissociative anxiety.
| |
| | Dental Research, Vol 45, 1608-1617.
|
| Figure 8. Dissociative Anxiety and
| |
| | 34) Pieron, H. (1982). Melanges
|
| Somatic Arousal (27)
| |
| | dedicated to Monsieur Pierre Janet. Acta
|
| *** For the complete article with figures
| |
| | Psychiatrica Belgica, 1, 7-112).
|
| included, please see... ***
| |
| | 35) Regan, D. (1966). Some
|
| A dissociative mindstate or hypnotic
| |
| | characteristics of average steady-state
|
| trance may be described in terms of an
| |
| | and transient responses evoked by
|
| altered state of consciousness (ASC) in
| |
| | modulated light. Electroencephalogy and
|
| which the subject (or an independent
| |
| | Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 238-248.
|
| observer of the subject) observes a
| |
| | 36) Russell, H. (1996). Entrainment
|
| qualitative shift in the normal pattern
| |
| | combined with multimodal rehabilitation
|
| of mental functioning (16). ASCs produced
| |
| | of a 43-year-old severely impaired
|
| via overstimulation also occur when a
| |
| | postaneurysm patient. Biofeedback and
|
| person is bombarded with higher than
| |
| | Self Regulation, 21, 4.
|
| normal levels of sensory input, usually
| |
| | 37) Ruuskanen-Uoti, H. & Salmi, T. (1994,
|
| in more than one sensory modality (19,
| |
| | January). Epileptic seizure induced by a
|
| 28, 17). Glicksohn studied photic
| |
| | product marketed as a "Brainwave
|
| entrainment and the ASCs produced. He
| |
| | Synchronizer." Neurology, 44, 180.
|
| monitored the EEGs of subjects during
| |
| | 38) Sadove, M.S. (1963, July). Hypnosis
|
| photic entrainment. They all described a
| |
| | in anaesthesiology. Illinois Medical
|
| wide variety of reactions to the
| |
| | Journal, 39-42.
|
| stimulation with some reporting
| |
| | 39) Sappey-Marinier, D., Calabrese, G.,
|
| incredible imagery consisting of items
| |
| | Fein, G., Hugg, J., Biggins, C., &
|
| they had seen before in their lives,
| |
| | Weiner, M. (1992). Effect of photic
|
| intertwined with geometrical patterns
| |
| | stimulation on human visual cortex
|
| while others reported no visual changes
| |
| | lactate and phosphates using 1H and 31P
|
| at all. At the end of the study,
| |
| | magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal
|
| Glicksohn concluded that:
| |
| | of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 12
|
| 1) It is the increase in alpha activity
| |
| | (4), 584-592.
|
| created by photic driving, and not the
| |
| | 40) Siever, D. (2000). The rediscovery
|
| natural alpha activity itself, that is
| |
| | of audio-visual entrainment technology.
|
| conducive to an ASC.
| |
| | Unpublished manuscript.
|
| 2) The appearance of visual imagery is
| |
| | 41) Siever, D. (2002). New technology for
|
| neither necessary nor all that is
| |
| | attention and learning. Unpublished
|
| invo |
