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Gender Bias In Diagnosing Personality Disorders

Ever since Freud, more women than men more fuzzy the diagnostic criteria, the
sought therapy. Consequently, terms like more the diagnostician relies on
"hysteria' are intimately connected to stereotypes (Widiger, 1998).
female physiology and alleged female Quotes from the Literature
psychology. The DSM (Diagnostic and "Specifically, past research suggests
Statistical Manual, the bible of the that exploitive tendencies and open
psychiatric profession) expressly displays of feelings of entitlement will
professes gender bias: personality be less integral to narcissism for
disorders such as Borderline and females than for males. For females such
Histrionic are supposed to be more common displays may carry a greater possibility
among women. but the DSM is rather of negative social sanctions because they
even-handed: other personality disorders would violate stereotypical gender-role
(e.g., the Narcissistic and Antisocial as expectancies for women, who are expected
well as the Schizotypal, to engage in such positive social
Obsessive-Compulsive, Schizoid, and behavior as being tender, compassionate,
Paranoid) are more prevalent among men. warm, sympathetic, sensitive, and
Why this gender disparity? There are a understanding.
few possible answers: In females, Exploitiveness/Entitlement is
Maybe personality disorders are not less well-integrated with the other
objective clinical entities, but components of narcissism as measured by
culture-bound syndromes. In other words, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory
perhaps they reflect biases and value (NPI) - Leadership/Authority,
judgments. Some patriarchal societies are Self-absorption/Self-admiration, and
also narcissistic. They emphasize Superiority/Arrogance- than in males -
qualities such as individualism and though 'male and female narcissists in
ambition, often identified with virility. general showed striking similarities in
Hence the preponderance of pathological the manner in which most of the facets of
narcissism among men. Women, on the other narcissism were integrated with each
hand, are widely believed to be other'."
emotionally labile and clinging. This is Gender differences in the structure of
why most Borderlines and Dependents are narcissism: a multi-sample analysis of
females. the narcissistic personality inventory -
Upbringing and environment, the process Brian T. Tschanz, Carolyn C. Morf,
of socialization and cultural mores all Charles W. Turner - Sex Roles: A Journal
play an important role in the of Research - Issue: May, 1998
pathogenesis of personality disorders. "Women leaders are evaluated negatively
These views are not fringe: serious if they exercise their authority and are
scholars (e.g., Kaplan and Pantony, 1991) perceived as autocratic."
claim that the mental health profession Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G., &
is inherently sexist. Klonsky, B. G. (1992). Gender and the
Then again, genetics may be is at work. evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis.
Men and women do differ genetically. This Psychological Bulletin, 111, 3-22, and
may account for the variability of the ...
occurrence of specific personality Butler, D., & Gels, F. L. (1990).
disorders in men and women. Nonverbal affect responses to male and
Some of the diagnostic criteria are female leaders: Implications for
ambiguous or even considered "normal" by leadership evaluations. Journal of
the majority of the population. Personality and Social Psychology, 58,
Histrionics "consistently use physical 48-59.
appearance to draw attention to self." "Competent women must also appear to be
Well, who doesn't in Western society? Why sociable and likable in order to
when a woman clings to a man it is influence men - men must only appear to
labeled "codependence", but when a man be competent to achieve the same results
relies on a woman to maintain his home, with both genders."
take care of his children, choose his Carli, L. L., Lafleur, S. J., & Loeber,
attire, and prop his ego it is C. C. (1995). Nonverbal behavior, gender,
"companionship" (Walker, 1994)? and influence. Journal of Personality and
The less structured the interview and the Social Psychology, 68, 1030-1041.




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